Heart Diseases
General Anatomy and Physiology:-
◆The heart is divided into chambers — two upper chambers (atria) and two lower chambers (ventricles).
◆The right side of the heart moves blood to the lungs through blood vessels (pulmonary arteries).
◆In the lungs, blood picks up oxygen and then returns to the left side of the heart through the pulmonary veins.
◆The left side of the heart then pumps the blood through the aorta and out to the rest of the body.
Heart valves
Four heart valves — the aortic, mitral, pulmonary and tricuspid — keep the blood moving the right way.
◆The valves open only one way and only when they need to.
◆Valves must open all the way and close tightly so there’s no leakage.
Heartbeats :-
◆A beating heart squeezes (contracts) and relaxes in a continuous cycle.
◆During contraction (systole), the lower heart chambers (ventricles) squeeze tight. This action forces blood to the lungs and the rest of the body.
◆During relaxation (diastole), the ventricles fill with blood from the upper heart chambers (atria).
Electrical system :-
The heart’s electrical system keeps it beating. The heartbeat controls the continuous exchange of oxygen-rich blood with oxygen-poor blood. This exchange keeps you alive.
◆Electrical signals start in the upper right chamber (right atrium).
The signals travel through specialized pathways to the lower heart chambers (ventricles). This tells the heart to pump.
5 Major Types of heart diseases :-
(1).Blood vessel disease, coronary artery disease(CAD/IHD)
(2).Irregular heartbeats (arrhythmias)
(3).Congenital heart defects :-
◆Patent Ductus Arteriosus
●The opening (ductus arteriosus) is a normal part of a baby’s circulatory system in the womb that usually closes shortly after birth. If it remains open, it’s called a patent ductus arteriosus.
◆Patent Foramen Ovale(PFO)
Patent foramen ovale (PFO) is a hole between the left and right atria (upper chambers) of the heart. This hole exists in everyone before birth, but most often closes shortly after being born. PFO is what the hole is called when it fails to close naturally after a baby is born.
◆Coarctation Of Aorta
Coarctation of the aorta is generally present at birth (congenital heart defect). Symptoms can range from mild to severe.
◆Tetralogy of fallot
●Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
●Pulmonary stenosis
●Misplaced aorta
●Thickened right ventricular wall (right ventricular hypertrophy
●Cor pulmonale
A condition in which right side of heart Fails because of lung failure.
(4).Disease of the heart muscle कार्डियोमायोपैथी :-
A disease of the heart muscle that makes it harder for the heart to pump blood to the rest of the body.
Cardiomyopathy can lead to heart failure.
Types:-
●Dilated
●Hypertrophic
(5).Valvular Diseases
A disease when any valve in the heart has damage or is diseased.
Stenosis is when the valve opening becomes narrow and restricts blood flow.
Prolapse is when a valve slips out of place or the valve flaps (leaflets) do not close properly.
Regurgitation is when blood leaks backward through a valve, sometimes due to prolapse.
Symptoms :-
(1). Coronary artery disease(CAD)
(A). Atherosclerosis:-
◆Cholesterol deposits (plaques) in the heart arteries reduces blood flow to the heart and other parts of the body.
●Heart attack,
●Chest pain (angina)
●Stroke.
◆MEN’s CAD Symptoms :-
●Chest pain.
◆Women’s CAD Symptoms :-
●Chest discomfort.
Common Symptoms :-.
●Shortness of breath.
Nausea and Extreme fatigue.
●Chest pain,
●chest tightness,
●chest pressure and chest discomfort (angina)
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●Shortness of breat
●Pain in the neck, jaw, throat, upper belly area or back.
●Pain, numbness, weakness or coldness in the legs or arms if the blood vessels in those body areas are narrowed
(2). Symptoms Irregular Heart Beats Arrhythmias :- ( Too fast,Too slow,Irregular heart beats ).
◆Chest pain or discomfort
◆Dizziness
◆Fainting (syncope) or near fainting
◆Fluttering in the chest
◆Lightheadedness
◆Racing heartbeat (tachycardia)
◆Shortness of breath
◆Slow heartbeat (bradycardia)
(3).Symptoms caused by Congenital Heart :-
◆Symptoms in children:–>
●Pale gray or blue skin or lips (cyanosis)
●Swelling in the legs, belly area or areas around the eyes
◆Symptoms In an infant :–> Shortness of breath during feedings, leading to poor weight gain
◆Symptoms Less-serious congenital heart defects during adulthood.
●Easily getting short of breath during exercise or activity
●Easily tiring during exercise or activity
●Swelling of the hands, ankles or feet
(4).Symptoms valvular heart disease
●four valves — the aortic, mitral, pulmonary and tricuspid valves.
●Depending on which valve isn’t working properly, heart valve disease symptoms generally include:
●Chest pain
●Fainting (syncope)
●Fatigue
●Irregular heartbeat
●Shortness of breath
●Swollen feet or ankles
●Cause is Endocarditis symptoms can include:
●Dry or persistent cough
●Fever
●Heartbeat changes
●Shortness of breath
●Skin rashes or unusual spots
●Swelling of the legs or belly area
●Weakness or fatigue
(B).Causes (Aetiology) Of CAD
◆Atherosclerosis
Risk factors
●poor diet,
●lack of exercise,
●obesity and
●smoking.
◆Causes(Aetiology) of irregular heartbeats :- ◆Arrhythmias causes
●Cardiomyopathy
●Coronary artery disease
●Diabetes
●Drug misuse
●Emotional stress
●Excessive use of alcohol or caffeine
●Congenital heart defects
●High blood pressure
●Smoking
●Heart valve disease
●Use of certain medications
◆Causes(Aetiology) of congenital heart defects :–>
●Medical conditions,
●Medications and genes
◆Causes(,Aetiology) of a thickened or enlarged heart muscle (cardiomyopathy)
◆Dilated cardiomyopathy. Idiopathic may be
●Passed down through families (inherited). ●Dilated cardiomyopathy typically starts in the heart’s main pumping chamber (left ventricle). ◆Many things can cause damage to the left ventricle, including
●Heart attacks, ●Infections,
●Toxins and
●Some drugs, including cancer medicines
◆Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. ●Inherited
◆Causes Restrictive cardiomyopathy
●No known reason. ●Sometimes it’s caused by a buildup of protein called amyloid in the heart (cardiac amyloidosis)
●Connective tissue disorders.
◆Causes of heart infection Endocarditis
●Bacteria
●Viruses
◆Parasites
◆Causes(Aetiology) of heart valve disease
●Congenital heart valve disease
●Rheumatic fever
●Infections (infectious endocarditis)
●Connective tissue disorders
◆Risk factors
●Age
●Sex. Men are generally at greater risk of heart disease. The risk for women increases after menopause.
◆Family history
◆Smoking
◆Unhealthy diet
◆High blood pressure.
◆High cholesterol.
◆Diabetes
◆Obesity
◆Lack of exercises. ◆Being inactive (sedentary lifestyle)
◆Stress
◆Poor dental health
Complications of heart disease include:
◆Heart failure
◆Heart attack.
●blood clot is stuck in a blood vessel that goes to the heart.
◆Stroke.
◆Aneurysm
●If an aneurysm bursts, you may have life-threatening internal bleeding.
◆Peripheral artery disease.
●In this condition, the arms or legs — usually the legs — don’t get enough blood.
●This causes symptoms, most notably leg pain when walking (claudication).
●Atherosclerosis can lead to peripheral artery disease.
●Sudden cardiac arrest. Sudden cardiac arrest is the sudden loss of heart function, breathing and consciousness.
●It’s usually due to a problem with the heart’s electrical system
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प्रस्तुतकर्ता :-
डॉ पंकज कुमार ब्रह्माणिया
जनरल फिजिशियन
( काय चिकित्सक) ।
Yogtantra ( Lunar Astro )..